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There are many domestic factors affecting the U.S. labor force and employment levels. These include: economic growth; cyclical and structural factors; demographics; education and training; innovation; labor unions; and industry consolidation [2] In addition to macroeconomic and individual firm-related factors, there are individual-related factors that influence the risk of unemployment.
[4] [5] Precarious work is ultimately a result of a profit driven capitalist organization of work in which employment is largely understood as a cost that needs to be reduced. [6] The social and political consequences vary greatly in terms of gender, age, race, and class and result in varying degrees of inequality and freedom.
The growing pool of global labor is accessed by employers in more advanced economies through various methods, including imports of goods, offshoring of production, and immigration. [4] Global labor arbitrage , the practice of accessing the lowest-cost workers from all parts of the world, is partly a result of this enormous growth in the workforce.
In practice, the concepts can be intertwined, i.e offshore outsourcing, and can be individually or jointly, partially or completely reversed, as described by terms such as reshoring, inshoring, and insourcing. In-house offshoring is when the offshored work is done by means of an internal (captive) delivery model. [2] [3]
Most scholars have argued that offshoring is primarily driven by opportunities to reduce labor costs and by labor arbitrage effects. [5] While the ORN surveys confirm the importance of costs, they also reveal that companies use offshoring as a means to access talent pools outside their home countries, in particular for higher-skilled work.
Thousands of man-years of work was performed in a matter of hours by the bombe codebreaking machine during World War II. A contemporary example of technological unemployment is the displacement of retail cashiers by self-service tills and cashierless stores. That technological change can cause short-term job losses is widely accepted.
In economics, the new international division of labour (NIDL) is an outcome of globalization.The term was coined by theorists seeking to explain the spatial shift of manufacturing industries from advanced capitalist countries to developing countries—an ongoing geographic reorganisation of production, which finds its origins in ideas about a global division of labor. [1]
The frictions in the labor market are sometimes illustrated graphically with a Beveridge curve, a downward-sloping, convex curve that shows a fixed relationship between the unemployment rate on one axis and the vacancy rate on the other. Changes in the supply of or demand for labor cause movements along this curve.