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Basal area is the cross-sectional area of trees at breast height (1.3m or 4.5 ft above ground). It is a common way to describe stand density. In forest management, basal area usually refers to merchantable timber and is given on a per hectare or per acre basis. If one cut down all the merchantable trees on an acre at 4.5 feet (1.4 m) off the ...
Borderline trees occur only when the distance from the sampling point to the center of the tree is equal to the DBH times plot radius factor (PRF). The PRF is determined based on the type of prism or angle gauge being used. Basal Area Factor (BAF) 5, 10, and 20 angle gauges result in PRFs of 3.89, 2.75, and 1.94 (feet inch −1) respectively.
Prism factor is based on the angle of the prism, and prisms are available in different factors, expressed in both square feet/acre (5, 10, 20 BAF are most common) and square meters/hectare (1-5 BAF are common). Prism size is chosen to yield a statistically valid estimate of basal area - 6-10 "in" trees per plot are required, which requires a ...
The Relascope is very similar to the angle gauge and the wedge prism in that it can be used to find the basal area of a tree from a point depending on the basal area factor in a variable radius sampling method. The main difference in this instrument though is that it has multiple uses as described previously.
where BA is stand basal area, n is the number of trees, and k is a constant based on measurement units - for BA in ft 2 and DBH in inches, k=0.005454; for BA in m 2 and DBH in cm, k=0.00007854. References
In zirconium, for example, this enables the identification of slip activity on a basal, prism, or 1st/2nd order pyramidal plane. In the case of a 1st-order pyramidal plane trace, the slip could be in either 𝑎 or 𝑐 + 𝑎 directions; slip trace analysis cannot discriminate between these.
Shape factors are dimensionless quantities used in image analysis and microscopy that numerically describe the shape of a particle, independent of its size. Shape factors are calculated from measured dimensions , such as diameter , chord lengths, area , perimeter , centroid , moments , etc.
Scratches, represented by triangular-shaped grooves, make the surface area greater. Specific surface area (SSA) is a property of solids defined as the total surface area (SA) of a material per unit mass, [1] (with units of m 2 /kg or m 2 /g). Alternatively, it may be defined as SA per solid or bulk volume [2] [3] (units of m 2 /m 3 or m −1).