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In cryptography, Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) [1] is a mode of operation for symmetric-key cryptographic block ciphers which is widely adopted for its performance. GCM throughput rates for state-of-the-art, high-speed communication channels can be achieved with inexpensive hardware resources.
Wootters points out that a complete set of + unbiased bases yields a geometric structure known as a finite projective plane, while a SIC-POVM (in any dimension that is a prime power) yields a finite affine plane, a type of structure whose definition is identical to that of a finite projective plane with the roles of points and lines exchanged ...
The arithmetic–geometric mean of two numbers, a 0 and b 0, is found by calculating the limit of the sequences + = +, + =, which both converge to the same limit. If = and = then the limit is () where () is the complete elliptic integral of the first kind
The circuit on the left is satisfiable but the circuit on the right is not. In theoretical computer science, the circuit satisfiability problem (also known as CIRCUIT-SAT, CircuitSAT, CSAT, etc.) is the decision problem of determining whether a given Boolean circuit has an assignment of its inputs that makes the output true. [1]
A system is called overcomplete if it contains more vectors than necessary to be complete, i.e., there exist {} that can be removed from the system such that {} {} remains complete. In research areas such as signal processing and function approximation , overcompleteness can help researchers to achieve a more stable, more robust, or more ...
Assuming P ≠ NP, the following are true for computational problems on integers: [5] If a problem is weakly NP-hard, then it does not have a weakly polynomial time algorithm (polynomial in the number of integers and the number of bits in the largest integer), but it may have a pseudopolynomial time algorithm (polynomial in the number of integers and the magnitude of the largest integer).
The W hierarchy is a collection of computational complexity classes. A parameterized problem is in the class W[i], if every instance (,) can be transformed (in fpt-time) to a combinatorial circuit that has weft at most i, such that (,) if and only if there is a satisfying assignment to the inputs that assigns 1 to exactly k inputs.
An oracle separation does not prove whether or not complexity classes are the same. The oracle separation gives intuition that BQP may not be contained in PH. It has been suspected for many years that Fourier Sampling is a problem that exists within BQP, but not within the polynomial hierarchy.