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Esophageal rupture, also known as Boerhaave syndrome, is a rupture of the esophageal wall. Iatrogenic causes account for approximately 56% of esophageal perforations, usually due to medical instrumentation such as an endoscopy or paraesophageal surgery. [1] The 10% of esophageal perforations caused specifically by vomiting are termed Boerhaave ...
Esophageal varices seven days after banding, showing ulceration at the site of banding. The upper two thirds of the esophagus are drained via the esophageal veins, which carry deoxygenated blood from the esophagus to the azygos vein, which in turn drains directly into the superior vena cava. These veins have no part in the development of ...
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding can be caused by peptic ulcers, gastric erosions, esophageal varices, and rarer causes such as gastric cancer. The initial assessment includes measurement of the blood pressure and heart rate, as well as blood tests to determine the hemoglobin.
Gastrointestinal perforation, also known as gastrointestinal rupture, [1] is a hole in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. The gastrointestinal tract is composed of hollow digestive organs leading from the mouth to the anus. [3] Symptoms of gastrointestinal perforation commonly include severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. [2]
Several causes for EGJOO exist. [2] Etiologies include early achalasia, mechanical processes (eosinophilic esophagitis, hiatal hernia, strictures, etc.), esophageal wall thickness (fibrosis, cancer, etc.), compression by nearby blood vessels (external vascular compression), obesity, opioid medication effect, or anatomic abnormalities. [2]
Esophageal varices often do not have symptoms until they rupture. A ruptured varix is considered a medical emergency because varices can bleed a lot. A bleeding varix may cause a person to vomit blood, or suffer shock. To deal with a ruptured varix, a band may be placed around the bleeding blood vessel, or a small amount of a clotting agent may ...
Esophageal inflammation and erosive disease are the next most common causes. [3] In those with liver cirrhosis, 50–60% of bleeding is due to esophageal varices. [3] Approximately half of those with peptic ulcers have an H. pylori infection. [3] Other causes include Mallory-Weiss tears, cancer, and angiodysplasia. [2]
Some people also experience a sensation known as globus esophagus, where it feels as if a ball is lodged in the lower part of the esophagus. The following are additional diseases and conditions that affect the esophagus: Achalasia [1] Acute esophageal necrosis; Barrett's esophagus; Boerhaave syndrome; Caustic injury to the esophagus; Chagas disease