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In computer programming, a collection is an abstract data type that is a grouping of items that can be used in a polymorphic way. Often, the items are of the same data type such as int or string . Sometimes the items derive from a common type; even deriving from the most general type of a programming language such as object or variant .
In the above example, the function Base<Derived>::interface(), though declared before the existence of the struct Derived is known by the compiler (i.e., before Derived is declared), is not actually instantiated by the compiler until it is actually called by some later code which occurs after the declaration of Derived (not shown in the above ...
Depending on the type and variation in training data, machine learning can be roughly categorized into three frameworks: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. Multiple instance learning (MIL) falls under the supervised learning framework, where every training instance has a label, either discrete or real valued ...
Additionally, for the specific purpose of classification, supervised alternatives have been developed to account for the class label of a document. [4] Lastly, binary (presence/absence or 1/0) weighting is used in place of frequencies for some problems (e.g., this option is implemented in the WEKA machine learning software system).
ensmallen [7] is a high quality C++ library for non linear numerical optimizer, it uses Armadillo or bandicoot for linear algebra and it is used by mlpack to provide optimizer for training machine learning algorithms. Similar to mlpack, ensmallen is a header-only library and supports custom behavior using callbacks functions allowing the users ...
Machine learning algorithms, however, are typically defined in terms of numerical vectors. Therefore, the bags of words for a set of documents is regarded as a term-document matrix where each row is a single document, and each column is a single feature/word; the entry i , j in such a matrix captures the frequency (or weight) of the j 'th term ...
One example is the squared Frobenius norm, which can be viewed as an -norm acting either entrywise, or on the singular values of the matrix: = ‖ ‖ = | | = =. In the multivariate case the effect of regularizing with the Frobenius norm is the same as the vector case; very complex models will have larger norms, and, thus, will be penalized ...
This was first introduced by Tikhonov [4] to solve ill-posed problems. Many statistical learning algorithms can be expressed in such a form (for example, the well-known ridge regression). The tradeoff between () and () in is geometrically more intuitive with Tikhonov regularization in RKHS.