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A sorted array is only efficient as a static data structure, as modifying the list is slow – unlike a binary search tree – but does not require the space overhead of a tree. An important example of an implicit data structure is representing a perfect binary tree as a list, in increasing order of depth, so root, first left child, first right ...
This order is usually determined by the order in which the elements are added to the structure, but the elements can be rearranged in some contexts, such as sorting a list. For a structure that isn't ordered, on the other hand, no assumptions can be made about the ordering of the elements (although a physical implementation of these data types ...
However, a generator is an object with persistent state, which can repeatedly enter and leave the same scope. A generator call can then be used in place of a list, or other structure whose elements will be iterated over. Whenever the for loop in the example requires the next item, the generator is called, and yields the next item.
A circular list can be split into two circular lists, in constant time, by giving the addresses of the last node of each piece. The operation consists in swapping the contents of the link fields of those two nodes. Applying the same operation to any two nodes in two distinct lists joins the two list into one.
Geometric join of two line segments.The original spaces are shown in green and blue. The join is a three-dimensional solid, a disphenoid, in gray.. In topology, a field of mathematics, the join of two topological spaces and , often denoted by or , is a topological space formed by taking the disjoint union of the two spaces, and attaching line segments joining every point in to every point in .
Although C and C++ do not allow the compiler to reorder structure members to save space, other languages might. It is also possible to tell most C and C++ compilers to "pack" the members of a structure to a certain level of alignment, e.g. "pack(2)" means align data members larger than a byte to a two-byte boundary so that any padding members ...
For k-way merging, it is more efficient to only store the loser of each game (see image). The data structure is therefore called a loser tree. When building the tree or replacing an element with the next one from its list, we still promote the winner of the game to the top. The tree is filled like in a sports match but the nodes only store the ...
A stack may be implemented as, for example, a singly linked list with a pointer to the top element. A stack may be implemented to have a bounded capacity. If the stack is full and does not contain enough space to accept another element, the stack is in a state of stack overflow. A stack is needed to implement depth-first search.