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The short ciliary nerves are branches of the ciliary ganglion. [1] They arise from the forepart of the ganglion in two bundles connected with its superior and inferior angles. The lower bundle is the larger than the upper bundle. These split into between 6 and 10 filaments. They run forward with the ciliary arteries in a wavy course. [1]
The parasympathetic innervation of the ciliary body is the most clearly understood. Presynaptic parasympathetic signals that originate in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus are carried by cranial nerve III (the oculomotor nerve) and travel through the ciliary ganglion. Postsynaptic fibers from the ciliary ganglion form the short ciliary nerves.
Lateral pterygoid nerve; Lateral root of median nerve; Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus; Lemniscus (anatomy) Lesser auricular nerve; Long ciliary nerves; Marginal nucleus of spinal cord; Medial cord; Medial cutaneous nerve of arm; Medial root of median nerve; Meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve; Microgyrus; Middle meningeal nerve; Middle ...
Three types of axons enter the ciliary ganglion but only the preganglionic parasympathetic axons synapse there. The entering axons are arranged into three roots which join enter the posterior surface of the ganglion: The sensory root branches from the nasociliary nerve and travels through the ganglion forming part of the short ciliary nerves ...
Trigeminal fibers (Cranial nerve 5) relay in ciliary ganglion and carry sympathetic supply (yellow) Long ciliary nerve fibers (from the ophthalmic branch of CN 5) are the afferent limb of the blink reflex carrying sensory information from the cornea. Sphincter pupillae (circular fibers) and Dilator pupillae (radial fibers) muscles of the pupil.
Sympathetic fibers in the short ciliary nerves pass through the ciliary ganglion without forming synapses. Preganglionic sympathetic fibers originate from neurons in the intermediolateral column of the thoracic spinal cord, at the level of thoracic spinal nerve 1 (T1) and thoracic spinal nerve 2 (T2).
An action potential (or nerve impulse) is a transient alteration of the transmembrane voltage (or membrane potential) across the membrane in an excitable cell generated by the activity of voltage-gated ion channels embedded in the membrane. The best known action potentials are pulse-like waves that travel along the axons of neurons.
The nerve also includes axons of type GVE, general visceral efferent, which provide preganglionic parasympathetics to the ciliary ganglion. From the ciliary ganglion postganglionic fibers pass through the short ciliary nerve to the constrictor pupillae of the iris and the ciliary muscles.