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Gregory Grossman (July 5, 1921, Kiev – August 14, 2014 [1]) was the professor emeritus at UC Berkeley and an authority on the economy of the Soviet Union. [2] He is credited with the introduction of the terms "second economy" and "command economy".
Bowden, Bradley. "Management history in the modern world: an overview." in The Palgrave Handbook of Management History (2020): 3-22. Cipolla, Carlo M. The economic history of world population (1978). online; Coggan, Philip. More: A History of the World Economy from the Iron Age to the Information Age (Hachette UK, 2020). Day, Clive. A History ...
National economies can be run from the top down, so to speak, in what is sometimes called a command economy or they can be run from the bottom up in what is sometimes called a free market. In the ...
The economy grew every year from 1812 to 1815 despite a large loss of business by East Coast shipping interests. Wartime inflation averaged 4.8% a year. [105] The national economy grew 1812–1815 at the rate of 3.7% a year, after accounting for inflation. Per capita GDP grew at 2.2% a year, after accounting for inflation. [104]
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An administrative-command system managed a distinctive form of central planning. The Soviet economy was second only to the United States and was characterized by state control of investment , prices , a dependence on natural resources , lack of consumer goods , little foreign trade , public ownership of industrial assets, macroeconomic ...
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According to Yevgeni Preobrazhensky, a Bolshevik economist, control over the commanding heights of the economy would ensure primitive socialist accumulation. [1] The phrase can be traced back to Vladimir Lenin 's defense of the New Economic Policy (NEP), which saw market-oriented reforms while the state retained control of the commanding heights.