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Alexander I (Russian: Александр I Павлович, romanized: Aleksandr I Pavlovich, IPA: [ɐlʲɪkˈsandr ˈpavləvʲɪtɕ]; 23 December [O.S. 12 December] 1777 – 1 December [O.S. 19 November] 1825), [a] [2] nicknamed "the Blessed", [b] was Emperor of Russia from 1801, the first king of Congress Poland from 1815, and the grand duke of Finland from 1809 to his death in 1825.
Julius Caesar dedicated a Lysippean equestrian bronze statue, but replaced Alexander's head with his own, while Octavian visited Alexander's tomb in Alexandria and temporarily changed his seal from a sphinx to Alexander's profile. [288] The emperor Trajan also admired Alexander, as did Nero and Caracalla. [288]
Alexander's most significant reform as emperor was the emancipation of Russia's serfs in 1861, for which he is known as Alexander the Liberator (Russian: Алекса́ндр Освободи́тель, romanized: Aleksándr Osvobodítel, IPA: [ɐlʲɪˈksandr ɐsvəbɐˈdʲitʲɪlʲ]).
On 13 March [O.S. 1 March] 1881, Alexander II, the Emperor of Russia, was assassinated in Saint Petersburg, Russia while returning to the Winter Palace from Mikhailovsky Manège in a closed carriage. The assassination was planned by the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya ("People's Will"), chiefly by Andrei Zhelyabov .
When John Chrysostom visited Alexandria in 400 AD, he asked to see Alexander's tomb and remarked, "his tomb even his own people know not". [13] Conversely, around this same time, Cyril of Alexandria notes that the tomb was opened up by orders of the Emperor Theodosius I and looted. [14]
In fact, says Briant, there’s a simple reason why, 2,000 years on, we talk about Alexander but not Cyrus the Great, who founded the Achaemenid Empire in 550 BCE: racism.
Of those who accompanied Alexander to India, Aristobulus, Onesicritus, and Nearchus wrote about the Indian campaign. [6] The only surviving contemporary account of Alexander's Indian campaign is a report of the voyage of the naval commander Nearchus, [7] who was tasked with exploring the coast between the Indus River and the Persian Gulf. [6]
Vasco de Lucena presenting his translation of Rufus' Histories of Alexander the Great to Charles the Bold, c. 1470 The Historiae survives in 123 codices, or bound manuscripts, all deriving from an original in the second half of the 9th century, Paris, BnF lat. 5716, which was copied during the Carolingian Renaissance for a certain Count Conrad by the scribe Haimo in the Loire region.