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How much gas is present could be specified by giving the mass instead of the chemical amount of gas. Therefore, an alternative form of the ideal gas law may be useful. The chemical amount, n (in moles), is equal to total mass of the gas (m) (in kilograms) divided by the molar mass, M (in kilograms per mole): =.
You must not speak of one isolated system but at least of two, which you may for the moment consider isolated from the rest of the world, but not always from each other." [99] The two systems are isolated from each other by the wall, until it is removed by the thermodynamic operation, as envisaged by the law. The thermodynamic operation is ...
For two indistinguishable particles, a state before the particle exchange must be physically equivalent to the state after the exchange, so these two states differ at most by a complex phase factor. This fact suggests that a state for two indistinguishable (and non-interacting) particles is given by following two possibilities: [2] [3] [4]
In a gas of particles of individual diameter 2r, the cross section σ, for collisions is related to the particle number density n, and mean free path between collisions λ. In a gas of finite-sized particles there are collisions among particles that depend on their cross-sectional size. The average distance that a particle travels between ...
A useful special case of elastic collision is when the two bodies have equal mass, in which case they will simply exchange their momenta. The molecules —as distinct from atoms —of a gas or liquid rarely experience perfectly elastic collisions because kinetic energy is exchanged between the molecules’ translational motion and their ...
A gas is a compressible fluid. Not only will a gas conform to the shape of its container but it will also expand to fill the container. In a gas, the molecules have enough kinetic energy so that the effect of intermolecular forces is small (or zero for an ideal gas), and the typical distance between neighboring molecules is much greater than ...
In physics and chemistry, binding energy is the smallest amount of energy required to remove a particle from a system of particles or to disassemble a system of particles into individual parts. [1] In the former meaning the term is predominantly used in condensed matter physics , atomic physics , and chemistry, whereas in nuclear physics the ...
At one point, when the overlap becomes significant, a macroscopic number of particles condense into the ground state. In condensed matter physics , a Bose–Einstein condensate ( BEC ) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero , i.e., 0 K (− ...