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United States and Soviet space scientists in the early 1960s studied elemental fluorine as a possible rocket propellant because of the higher specific impulse generated when fluorine replaced oxygen in combustion. The experiments failed because fluorine proved difficult to handle, and its combustion product (typically hydrogen fluoride) was ...
Fluorine is a chemical element; it has symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen [note 1] and exists at standard conditions as pale yellow diatomic gas. Fluorine is extremely reactive as it reacts with all other elements except for the light inert gases. It is highly toxic.
Moissan's fluorine cell, from his 1887 publication. Fluorine is a relatively new element in human applications. In ancient times, only minor uses of fluorine-containing minerals existed. The industrial use of fluorite, fluorine's source mineral, was first described by early scientist Georgius Agricola in the 16th century, in the context of ...
Fluorine is an important element for biological systems. From a mammalian health perspective, it is notable as a component of fluorapatite , a key mineral in the teeth of humans that have been exposed to fluorine, as well as shark and fish teeth. [ 4 ]
Substituting a fluorine into a para position, however, protects the aromatic ring and prevents the epoxide from being produced. [13] Adding fluorine to biologically active organic compounds increases their lipophilicity (ability to dissolve in fats), because the carbon–fluorine bond is even more hydrophobic than the carbon–hydrogen bond.
Like gravity is to physics, the law of supply and demand is the bedrock principle of all economic theory. It determines where the price of a product or service intersects with the willingness of ...
One science writer described fluorine as a "shack amongst mansions" in terms of abundance. [2] Fluorine is so rare because it is not a product of the usual nuclear fusion processes in stars. And any created fluorine within stars is rapidly eliminated through strong nuclear fusion reactions—either with hydrogen to form oxygen and helium, or ...
When the local economy is strong, it contributes to the larger, broader economy in a positive way. Gabe Krajicek, CEO of Kasasa , said small business success means more local money and tax dollars ...