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Common absorption refrigerators use a refrigerant with a very low boiling point (less than −18 °C (0 °F)) just like compressor refrigerators.Compression refrigerators typically use an HCFC or HFC, while absorption refrigerators typically use ammonia or water and need at least a second fluid able to absorb the coolant, the absorbent, respectively water (for ammonia) or brine (for water).
The term "water reuse" is generally used interchangeably with terms such as wastewater reuse, water reclamation, and water recycling. A definition by the USEPA states: "Water reuse is the method of recycling treated wastewater for beneficial purposes, such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, and groundwater replenishing (EPA, 2004)."
The concentration of ionized hydrogen (as protonated water) in a cooling water system is reported as the pH level. [21] Low pH values increase the rate of corrosion; high pH values encourage scale formation. Amphoterism is uncommon among metals used in water cooling systems, but aluminum corrosion rates increase with pH values above 9.
Capital cost to implement a waste heat recovery system may outweigh the benefit gained in heat recovered. It is necessary to put a cost to the heat being offset. [6] Often waste heat is of low quality (temperature). It can be difficult to efficiently utilize the quantity of low quality heat contained in a waste heat medium.
For example, 2010 EPA emissions requirements require full DEF coolant flow within 70 minutes. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] In Europe, Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 [ 20 ] specified in Annex XVI point 10 that DEF from a frozen tank at a core temperature of −15 °C (5 °F) must become available within 20 minutes when starting the engine at −15 °C (5 °F).
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