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A raised-relief map, terrain model or embossed map is a three-dimensional representation, usually of terrain, materialized as a physical artifact. When representing terrain, the vertical dimension is usually exaggerated by a factor between five and ten; this facilitates the visual recognition of terrain features.
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) topographical survey maps included contour representation of relief, and so maps that show relief, especially with exact representation of elevation, came to be called topographic maps (or "topo" maps) in the United States, and the usage has spread internationally.
A topographic survey is typically based upon a systematic observation and published as a map series, made up of two or more map sheets that combine to form the whole map. A topographic map series uses a common specification that includes the range of cartographic symbols employed, as well as a standard geodetic framework that defines the map ...
Horst – Raised fault block bounded by normal faults; Mid-ocean ridge – Basaltic underwater mountain system formed by plate tectonic spreading; Mud volcano – Landform created by the eruption of mud or slurries, water and gases; Oceanic trench – Long and narrow depressions of the sea floor; Pull-apart basin – Type of basin in geology
A topographic map of Stowe, Vermont with contour lines This false-color satellite image illustrates topography of the urban core of the New York metropolitan area, with Manhattan at its center. Topography is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces .
Be also conscient that a topographic maps is first a background, which then will be complete by other layers. Most of time, these upper layers are transport ways (see exchanges maps), Kingdoms' areas or troops and moves (see areas maps & historical maps), or even officials borders from location maps. Tutorials. Wikipedia:Graphic Lab/Resources ...