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The Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses is the ruling council of Jehovah's Witnesses, [1] based in the denomination's Warwick, New York, headquarters.The body formulates doctrines, oversees the production of written material for publications and conventions, and administers the denomination's worldwide operations.
In all, Jehovah's Witnesses brought 23 separate First Amendment actions before the U.S. Supreme Court between 1938 and 1946. [36] [37] Supreme Court Justice Harlan Fiske Stone once quipped, "I think the Jehovah's Witnesses ought to have an endowment in view of the aid which they give in solving the legal problems of civil liberties." [38]
Raymond Victor Franz (May 8, 1922 – June 2, 2010) was a member of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses from October 20, 1971, until his removal on May 22, 1980, [1] [2] and served at the organization's world headquarters for fifteen years, from 1965 until 1980.
The Governing Body also devoted part of the annual meeting to revising its interpretation of biblical prophecies about the end times — a paramount focus of Jehovah's Witnesses. The Governing ...
Critics, including Raymond Franz, Edmond C. Gruss, and James Penton, have accused the Watch Tower Society of being authoritarian, controlling, and coercive in its dealings with Witnesses. Franz, a former Governing Body member, has claimed the society's emphasis on the term "theocratic organization" to describe the authority structure of Jehovah ...
Jehovah's Witnesses' congregational judicial policies require the testimony of two material witnesses to establish a perpetrator's serious sin in the absence of confession. . The organization considers this policy to be a protection against malicious accusations of sexual assault and states that this two-witness policy is applied solely to congregational discipline and has no bearing on ...
Raymond Franz (1922–2010), writer of Crisis of Conscience, former member of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses and critic of the institution. Jehovah's Witnesses have been criticized by adherents of mainstream Christianity, members of the medical community, former Jehovah's Witnesses, and commentators with regard to their beliefs and practices.
Upon appeal by Jehovah's Witnesses, the fine was acquitted. [135] In 2022, a court case filed by a disfellowshipped woman was subjected to judicial review by the Supreme Court of Norway. [136] Jehovah's Witnesses were denied funding as a religious community for 2021. [137] A counter lawsuit was launched by Jehovah's Witnesses. [138]