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The vascular (blood) system can be affected by solid tumors. Between 15 and 25 percent of deep vein thrombosis is caused by cancer (often by a tumor compressing a vein), and it may be the first hint that cancer is present. It causes swelling and pain in the legs, especially the calf, and (rarely) in the arms. [19]
The presence of swollen inguinal lymph nodes is an important clinical sign because lymphadenopathy (swelling) may indicate an infection, or spread as a metastasis from cancers, such as anal cancer and vulvar cancer. Inguinal lymph nodes may normally be up to 2 cm. [1] The cut-off value for normal sized inguinal nodes is up to 10 mm. [6]
Lymphedema is most frequently a complication of cancer treatment or parasitic infections, but it can also be seen in a number of genetic disorders. Tissues with lymphedema are at high risk of infection because the lymphatic system has been compromised. [3] Though incurable and progressive, a number of treatments may improve symptoms. [2]
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. [3] [4] Cancer can be difficult to diagnose because its signs and symptoms are often nonspecific, meaning they may be general phenomena that do not point directly to a specific disease process.
Lymphangiosarcoma is a rare cancer which occurs in long-standing cases of primary or secondary lymphedema (swelling due to lymphatic system obstruction). It involves either the upper or lower lymphedematous extremities but is most common in upper extremities. [1]
In the groin, underneath the skin, there are three to five deep inguinal lymph nodes that play a role in the immune system. These can be swollen due to certain diseases, the most common one being a simple infection, and, less likely, from cancer. A chain of superficial inguinal lymph nodes drain to the deep nodes.
Lipedema is a condition that is almost exclusively found in women [3] and results in enlargement of both legs due to deposits of fat under the skin. [2] Women of any weight may be affected [2] [3] and the fat is resistant to traditional weight-loss methods. [4]
Intra-articular tumors typically occur in the knee (approximately 75% of cases) and hip (approximately 15% of cases). [3]: 102 Extra-articular tumors are usually found in the knee, thigh, and foot. [3]: 101 Symptoms include swelling, pain, sensitivity, and/or limited range of motion.
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