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In the cases of cardiogenic shock resulting from heart failure or acute hemorrhagic shock caused by a large volume of blood loss, the body constricts peripheral vessels to reverse the low arterial pressure that causes inadequate tissue perfusion. [22] With vasodilatory shock, it is difficult for the peripheral vascular smooth muscle to ...
In the setting of head or neck trauma, an inadequate sympathetic response, or neurogenic shock, is a type of distributive shock that is caused by a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance. [3] This is suggested by an inappropriately low heart rate in the setting of hypotension. [ 3 ]
The diagnosis is generally based on a combination of symptoms, physical examination, and laboratory tests. [2] A decreased pulse pressure (systolic blood pressure minus diastolic blood pressure) or a fast heart rate raises concerns. [1] Shock is a medical emergency and requires urgent medical care.
The main goals of treatment in distributive shock are to reverse the underlying cause and achieve hemodynamic stabilization. [9] Immediate treatment involves fluid resuscitation and the use of vasoactive drugs, both vasopressors and inotropes . [ 10 ]
Neurogenic shock is diagnosed based on a person's symptoms and blood pressure levels. Neurogenic shock's presentation includes: [7] [8] - warm and pink skin - labored breathing - low blood pressure - dizziness - anxiety - history of trauma to head or upper spine. - if the injury is to the head or neck, hoarseness or difficulty swallowing may occur.
Hypovolemia, also known as volume depletion or volume contraction, is a state of abnormally low extracellular fluid in the body. [1] This may be due to either a loss of both salt and water or a decrease in blood volume. [2] [3] Hypovolemia refers to the loss of extracellular fluid and should not be confused with dehydration. [4]
Capillary refill time is a quick and cheap way to indicate decreased peripheral perfusion and may indicate cardiovascular or respiratory dysfunction. [5] It has also been used to assess or diagnose diseases of the peripheral circulatory system such as Raynaud's syndrome and hand–arm vibration syndrome . [ 6 ]
On the other hand, when the symptoms exceed 14 days, [3] it is called critical limb ischemia (CLI). CLI is the end stage of peripheral vascular disease where there is still some collateral circulation (alternate circulation pathways) that bring some blood flow (although inadequate) to the distal parts of the limbs. [2]
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