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  2. Fresnel integral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_integral

    The sector contour used to calculate the limits of the Fresnel integrals. This can be derived with any one of several methods. One of them [5] uses a contour integral of the function around the boundary of the sector-shaped region in the complex plane formed by the positive x-axis, the bisector of the first quadrant y = x with x ≥ 0, and a circular arc of radius R centered at the origin.

  3. Newton–Cotes formulas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton–Cotes_formulas

    It is assumed that the value of a function f defined on [,] is known at + equally spaced points: < < <.There are two classes of Newton–Cotes quadrature: they are called "closed" when = and =, i.e. they use the function values at the interval endpoints, and "open" when > and <, i.e. they do not use the function values at the endpoints.

  4. Arc length - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_length

    Arc length s of a logarithmic spiral as a function of its parameter θ. Arc length is the distance between two points along a section of a curve . Development of a formulation of arc length suitable for applications to mathematics and the sciences is a focus of calculus .

  5. Chebyshev–Gauss quadrature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebyshev–Gauss_quadrature

    Toggle the table of contents. Chebyshev–Gauss quadrature. 1 language. ... Fortran, and Matlab. This page was last edited on 18 February 2024, at 09:28 ...

  6. Semi-major and semi-minor axes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes

    The length of the semi-minor axis could also be found using the following formula: [2] 2 b = ( p + q ) 2 − f 2 , {\displaystyle 2b={\sqrt {(p+q)^{2}-f^{2}}},} where f is the distance between the foci, p and q are the distances from each focus to any point in the ellipse.

  7. Chebyshev distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebyshev_distance

    The two dimensional Manhattan distance has "circles" i.e. level sets in the form of squares, with sides of length √ 2 r, oriented at an angle of π/4 (45°) to the coordinate axes, so the planar Chebyshev distance can be viewed as equivalent by rotation and scaling to (i.e. a linear transformation of) the planar Manhattan distance.

  8. Gauss–Legendre quadrature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss–Legendre_quadrature

    As mentioned above, in some methods formulas are used as approximations to the nodes, after which some Newton-Raphson iterations are performed to refine the approximation. In a 2014 paper, Ignace Bogaert derives asymptotic formulas for the nodes that are exact up to machine precision for n ≥ 21 {\displaystyle n\geq 21} and for the weights ...

  9. Euler's critical load - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_critical_load

    , unsupported length of column,, column effective length factor; This formula was derived in 1744 by the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler. [2] The column will remain straight for loads less than the critical load. The critical load is the greatest load that will not cause lateral deflection (buckling). For loads greater than the critical load ...