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Immediate manifestations of caustic substance ingestions include erosions of mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract or airway (which can cause bleeding if the erosions extend to a blood vessel), mouth and tongue swelling, drooling or hypersalivation, nausea, vomiting, dyspnea, dysphonia/aphonia, irritation of the eyes and skin.
Symptoms may include an altered/decreased level of consciousness, poor or no coordination, vomiting, abdominal pain, and a specific smell on the breath. [1] [2] Decreased vision may start as early as twelve hours after exposure. [2] Long-term outcomes may include blindness and kidney failure. [1]
Syncope; Hypotension; Hypertension; Redness and itching of the eyes; Altered taste; Conjunctivitis; Flatulence; Anorexia; Increased appetite; Salivation; Rectal bleeding
Exposure may also occur through skin or eye contact or by ingesting chlorine-contaminated food or water. Chlorine is a strong oxidizing element causing the hydrogen to split from water in moist tissue, resulting in nascent oxygen and hydrogen chloride that cause corrosive tissue damage.
Sodium hydroxide is a dangerous chemical due to its ability to hydrolyze protein. If a dilute solution is spilled on the skin, burns may result if the area is not washed thoroughly and for several minutes with running water. Splashes in the eye can be more serious and can lead to blindness. [40]
Dysgeusia, also known as parageusia, is a distortion of the sense of taste. Dysgeusia is also often associated with ageusia, which is the complete lack of taste, and hypogeusia, which is a decrease in taste sensitivity. [1] An alteration in taste or smell may be a secondary process in various disease states, or it may be the primary symptom.
Long-term contact lens use can lead to alterations in corneal thickness, stromal thickness, curvature, corneal sensitivity, cell density, and epithelial oxygen uptake. . Other structural changes may include the formation of epithelial vacuoles and microcysts (containing cellular debris), corneal neovascularization, as well as the emergence of polymegethism in the corneal endoth
Anosmia is the inability to perceive odor, or in other words a lack of functioning olfaction.Many patients may experience unilateral or bilateral anosmia. A temporary loss of smell can be caused by a blocked nose or infection. In contrast, a permanent loss of smell may be caused by death of olfactory receptor neurons in the nose or by brain injury in which there is damage to the