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The kraft process involves treatment of wood chips with a hot mixture of water, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and sodium sulfide (Na 2 S), known as white liquor, that breaks the bonds that link lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose. The technology entails several steps, both mechanical and chemical. It is the dominant method for producing paper.
Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, [1] [2] is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations Na + and hydroxide anions OH −. Sodium hydroxide is a highly corrosive base and alkali that decomposes lipids and proteins at ambient temperatures and may cause severe ...
Sodium hypochlorite can be purchased or generated in situ by reacting chlorine with sodium hydroxide: 2 NaOH + Cl 2 ⇌ NaOCl + NaCl + H 2 O The main objection to the use of chlorine for bleaching pulp is the large amounts of soluble organochlorine compounds produced and released into the environment.
In addition to broad efficacy against decay fungi and wood-destroying insects, its low mammalian toxicity is a key reason why copper naphthenate has gained market acceptance as a proven effective wood preservative that is specified and used extensively for environmental reasons by utilities and railroads as a less toxic alternative to creosote ...
Drain cleaners usually contain a strong base such as sodium hydroxide that decomposes hair and converts fats into water-soluble products. The reaction is exothermic, releasing heat to soften the fats. Drain cleaners can also contain aluminum, which reacts with sodium hydroxide to produce bubbles of hydrogen gas that help to break up the clog. [11]
See below for a step-by-step guide to deep cleaning hardwood floors, courtesy of the pros at the American Cleaning Institute (ACI). Step 1: Prep Before you get down to deep cleaning, give your ...
In one simplified version, the saponification of stearin gives sodium stearate. C 3 H 5 (O 2 C(CH 2) 16 CH 3) 3 + 3 NaOH → C 3 H 5 (OH) 3 + 3 NaO 2 C(CH 2) 16 CH 3. This process is the main industrial method for producing glycerol (C 3 H 5 (OH) 3). Some soap-makers leave the glycerol in the soap. Others precipitate the soap by salting it out ...
Chemical processes quickly followed, first with Julius Roth's use of sulfurous acid to treat wood in 1857, followed by Benjamin Chew Tilghman's US patent on the use of calcium bisulfite, Ca(HSO 3) 2, to pulp wood in 1867. [3] Almost a decade later in 1874 the first commercial sulfite pulp mill was built in Sweden.