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Artificial light and daylight inlets have an impact on milk production and cow behavior. [41] For cows in lactation a light program of 16 hours light and 8 hours of darkness is recommended, [42] while for non-lactating pregnant cows 8 hours of light and 16 hours of darkness seem to be a better fit. [43]
It has been bred selectively to produce the highest yields of milk of any cow. The average in the UK is around 22 litres per day. [102] [103] Dairy is a large industry worldwide. In 2023, the 27 European Union countries produced 143 million tons of cow's milk; the United States 104.1 million tons; and India 99.5 million tons. [107]
Milk can be broken down into several different categories based on type of product produced, including cream, butter, cheese, infant formula, and yogurt. Milk varies in fat content. Skim milk is milk with zero fat, while whole milk products contain fat. Milk is an ingredient in many confectioneries.
Fermentation of sugars in the milk by these bacteria produces lactic acid, which acts on milk protein to give yogurt its texture and characteristic tart flavor. [2] Cow's milk is most commonly used to make yogurt. Milk from water buffalo, goats, ewes, mares, camels, and yaks is also used to produce yogurt. The milk used may be homogenized or not.
By using cows that produce offspring within a one to two-week period, synchronized breeding allows dairy farmers to artificially inseminate cows for maximum pregnancy rates with minimal effort. [29] BST is a placental lactogen (PL) hormone and falls under the class of growth hormone, or somatotropin.
The milk is filtered and cooled before being added to a large bulk tank of milk for storage. [3] The average time of milking is 5–7 minutes and a cow can be milked with a machine 2–3 times a day. [4] The existing robotic milking has allowed cows to have the freedom to decide when to milk, but still needs to make contact with people. [5] [6]
Once the cow has entered this stage, producers will seal the cows teat while following a veterinarian recommended, dry cow therapy for their herd. This dry period is a critical part of their lactation cycle and is important for the cows health, the newborn calf and future milk production, as it allows the cow time to rest, eat and prepare for ...
Cattle bred specifically for milk production are called milking or dairy cattle; [1] a cow kept to provide milk for one family may be called a family cow or a milker. A fresh cow is a dairy term for a cow (or a first-calf heifer in few regions) who has recently given birth, or "freshened." The adjective applying to cattle in general is usually ...