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In organic chemistry and biochemistry, important examples include amino acids and derivatives of citric acid. Although an amphiprotic species must be amphoteric, the converse is not true. For example, a metal oxide such as zinc oxide, ZnO, contains no hydrogen and so cannot donate a proton. Nevertheless, it can act as an acid by reacting with ...
The reaction occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms. A few organisms, including the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria , have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which protons and electrons are reduced to form H 2 gas by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast .
Biological hydrogen production is also observed in nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. This microorganisms can grow forming filaments. This microorganisms can grow forming filaments. Under nitrogen-limited conditions some cells can specialize and form heterocysts , which ensures an anaerobic intracellular space to ease N 2 fixation by the ...
These are capable of constantly producing hydrogen from organic compounds throughout the day and night. Typically these reactions are coupled to the formation of carbon dioxide or formate. Important reactions that result in hydrogen production start with glucose, which is converted to acetic acid: [1] C 6 H 12 O 6 + 2 H 2 O → 2 CH 3 CO 2 H ...
By some definitions, "organic" compounds are only required to contain carbon. However, most of them also contain hydrogen, and because it is the carbon-hydrogen bond that gives this class of compounds most of its particular chemical characteristics, carbon-hydrogen bonds are required in some definitions of the word "organic" in chemistry. [ 12 ]
Water is amphoteric, meaning that it can exhibit properties of an acid or a base, depending on the pH of the solution that it is in; it readily produces both H + and OH − ions. [c] Related to its amphoteric character, it undergoes self-ionization. The product of the activities, or approximately, the concentrations of H + and OH −
The inverse recombination reaction H 3 O + + OH − → 2 H 2 O. is among the fastest chemical reactions known, with a reaction rate constant of 1.3 × 10 11 M −1 s −1 at room temperature. Such a rapid rate is characteristic of a diffusion-controlled reaction, in which the rate is limited by the speed of molecular diffusion. [15]
Many organic compounds also contain H atoms, such as hydrocarbons and organic matter. Given the ubiquity of hydrogen atoms in inorganic and organic chemical compounds, the hydrogen cycle is focused on molecular hydrogen, H 2. As a consequence of microbial metabolisms or naturally occurring rock-water interactions, hydrogen gas can be created.