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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Other names: Formerly: Attention deficit disorder (ADD), hyperkinetic disorder (HD) [1]: ADHD arises from maldevelopment in brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia and anterior cingulate cortex, which regulate the executive functions necessary for human self-regulation.
As many as 75% of diagnosed children with ADHD meet criteria for some other psychiatric diagnosis. [39] Among children diagnosed with ADHD, about 25% to 30% have anxiety disorders, 9% to 32% have depression, 45% to 84% have oppositional defiant disorder, and 44% to 55% of adolescents have conduct disorder. [41]
Brain of a child with ADHD with overall reduced volume and a proportional reduction in the left-sided prefrontal cortex. The CBRS was created to evaluate possible behavioural markers in children from ages to 6–18 comprehensively. These include: [1] hyperactivity compulsive actions perfectionism playing up in class
Some children with ADHD usually struggle with executive function — the ability to focus, organize and meet goals, necessary skills for navigating daily life, according to the Child Mind ...
People with classic ADHD are more likely to be rejected in these situations because of their social intrusiveness or aggressive behavior. Compared to children with CDS, they are also much more likely to show antisocial behaviours like substance abuse, oppositional-defiant disorder or conduct disorder (frequent lying, stealing, fighting etc.). [18]
Adolescents with severe ADHD would likely benefit most from both medication and behavioral treatment. Younger children should go through behavioral treatment before being treated with medication. Another recommended form of treatment for children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD would be counseling from a mental health professional.
The prevalence of ADHD within the age group of 5-11 years for both male and female children is 8.6%, whereas children in the age group of 12-17 years is 14.3%. [ 38 ] This difference between genders may reflect either a difference in susceptibility or that females with ADHD are less likely to be diagnosed than males. [ 39 ]
Externalizing disorders, however, are also manifested in adulthood. For example, alcohol- and substance-related disorders and antisocial personality disorder are adult externalizing disorders. [1] Externalizing psychopathology is associated with antisocial behavior, which is different from and often confused for asociality.