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The Wendelstein 7-X device is based on a five-field-period Helias configuration.It is mainly a toroid, consisting of 50 non-planar and 20 planar superconducting magnetic coils, 3.5 m high, which induce a magnetic field that prevents the plasma from colliding with the reactor walls.
The Joint European Torus (JET) was a magnetically confined plasma physics experiment, located at Culham Centre for Fusion Energy in Oxfordshire, UK.Based on a tokamak design, the fusion research facility was a joint European project with the main purpose of opening the way to future nuclear fusion grid energy.
The conversion is based on a Traveling-Wave Direct Energy Converter (TWDEC). A gyrotron converter first guides fusion product ions as a beam into a 10-meter long microwave cavity filled with a 10-tesla magnetic field, where 155 MHz microwaves are generated and converted to a high voltage DC output through rectennas.
10-beam NIR and frequency-tripled 351 nm UV laser; fusion yield of 10 13 neutrons; attempted ignition, but failed due to fluid instability of targets; led to construction of NIF: 1.3 PW: 120 kJ: 30 J: Livermore: LLNL: ISKRA-5: Operational-1989: 12-beam iodine gas laser, fusion yield 10 10 to 10 11 neutrons [96] 100 TW: 30 kJ: 0.3 J: Sarov: RFNC ...
The first kind of muon–catalyzed fusion to be observed experimentally, by L.W. Alvarez et al., [6] was protium (H or 1 H 1) and deuterium (D or 1 H 2) muon-catalyzed fusion. The fusion rate for p–d (or pd) muon-catalyzed fusion has been estimated to be about a million times slower than the fusion rate for d–t muon-catalyzed fusion. [7 ...
Fusion reactions can be categorized according to their neutronicity: the fraction of the fusion energy released as energetic neutrons. The State of New Jersey defined an aneutronic reaction as one in which neutrons carry no more than 1% of the total released energy, [20] although many papers on the subject [21] include reactions that do not meet this criterion.
Combined energy generation of PP and CNO within a star The Sun's core temperature, at which PP is more efficient In astrophysics , stellar nucleosynthesis is the creation of chemical elements by nuclear fusion reactions within stars .
Modeling suggests that the DFD might produce 5 Newtons of thrust per each megawatt of generated fusion power. [14] About 35% of the fusion power goes to thrust, 30% to electric power, 25% lost to heat, and 10% is recirculated for the radio frequency (RF) heating. [12] The concept was awarded a Phase II to further advance the design and ...