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Leo Hollister gave five criteria for classifying a drug as hallucinogenic. [5] [6] This definition is broad enough to include a wide range of drugs and has since been shown to encompass a number of categories of drugs with different pharmacological mechanisms and behavioral effects. [6]
The serotonin 5-HT 1A receptor partial agonist buspirone has been found to markedly reduce the hallucinogenic effects of psilocybin in humans. [149] [162] [163] Conversely, the serotonin 5-HT 1A receptor antagonist pindolol has been found to potentiate the hallucinogenic effects of DMT by 2- to 3-fold in humans.
The acute effects of LSD normally last between 6 and 10 hours depending on dosage, tolerance, and age. [140] [141] Aghajanian and Bing (1964) found LSD had an elimination half-life of only 175 minutes (about 3 hours). [123]
In another case a 33-year-old woman developed HPPD after abusing LSD for a year long at the age of 18. She reported afterimages, perception of movement in her peripheral visual fields, blurring of small patterns, halo effects, and macro-and micropsia. Previous treatment with antidepressants and risperidone failed to ameliorate these symptoms ...
Long-term exposure to MDMA in humans has been shown to produce marked neurodegeneration in striatal, hippocampal, prefrontal, and occipital serotonergic axon terminals. [ 86 ] [ 89 ] Neurotoxic damage to serotonergic axon terminals has been shown to persist for more than two years. [ 89 ]
The short-term effects of cannabis are caused by many chemical compounds in the cannabis plant, including 113 [clarification needed] different cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol, and 120 terpenes, [1] which allow its drug to have various psychological and physiological effects on the human body. Different plants of the genus Cannabis ...
In the 1990s, hallucinogens and their effects on human consciousness were again the subject of scientific study, particularly in Europe. Advances in neuropharmacology and neuropsychology and the availability of brain imaging techniques have provided impetus for using drugs like psilocybin to probe the "neural underpinnings of psychotic symptom ...
Timothy Leary was a leading proponent of spiritual hallucinogen use. Certain psychoactives, particularly hallucinogens, have been used for religious purposes since prehistoric times. Native Americans have used peyote cacti containing mescaline for religious ceremonies for as long as 5700 years. [54]
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