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By careful examination of urban form and the processes that took place in this form, Chicago sociologists determined biotic and cultural dependencies among people. [8] This gave foundations to claim a model of the city that represents concentric zones diversified according to life conditions and social status.
The methods and studies of urban ecology is a subset of ecology. The study of urban ecology carries increasing importance because more than 50% of the world's population today lives in urban areas. [5] It is also estimated that within the next 40 years, two-thirds of the world's population will be living in expanding urban centers. [6]
A true merger of landscape architecture with the field of Urban Ecology lacks. From this criticism Frederick Steiner introduced landscape ecological urbanism as an approach that can include the field of urban ecology and Wybe Kuitert has shown how such integrative planning and management of the city should rely on analysis.
His collaboration with Piers Blaikie produced one of the key political ecology texts, 'Land Degradation and Society' in 1987. The United Nations University 's Project on People, Land, Management and Environmental Change ( PLEC ) was a major comparative initiative begun by Brookfield and others, looking at different land use trajectories and how ...
He was the author of two dozen books covering topics in politics, philosophy, history, urban affairs, and social ecology. Among the most important were Our Synthetic Environment (1962), Post-Scarcity Anarchism (1971), The Ecology of Freedom (1982), and Urbanization Without Cities (1987).
Green party platforms are largely considered left in the political spectrum. The green ideology has connections with various other ecocentric political ideologies, including ecofeminism, eco-socialism and green anarchism, but to what extent these can be seen as forms of green politics is a matter of debate. [10]
Bogardus acknowledges that Park is the father of human ecology, proclaiming, "Not only did he coin the name but he laid out the patterns, offered the earliest exhibit of ecological concepts, defined the major ecological processes and stimulated more advanced students to cultivate the fields of research in ecology than most other sociologists ...
Over time these institutional advantages had exponential effects, as colonies with educated and free populations were better suited to take advantage of technological change during the industrial revolution, granting country wide participation into the booming free-market economy.