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In ophthalmology, gonioscopy is a routine procedure that measures the angle between the iris and the cornea (the iridocorneal angle), using a goniolens (also known as a gonioscope) together with a slit lamp or operating microscope. [1] [2] Its use is important in diagnosing and monitoring various eye conditions associated with glaucoma.
It should not however, be used as a replacement for the gonioscopy examination but rather be used as a means of refuting or confirming the results of a gonioscopy examination. [3] The Van Herick's technique has become the most commonly used qualitative method of assessing the size of the anterior chamber angle (ACA).
Pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) is an eye disorder that can lead to a form of glaucoma known as pigmentary glaucoma.It takes place when pigment cells slough off from the back of the iris and float around in the aqueous humor.
Sampaolesi line is a sign which may be observed during a clinical eye examination. During gonioscopy (where the structures of the eye's anterior segment are examined), if an abundance of brown pigment is seen at or anterior to Schwalbe's line, a Sampaolesi line is said to be present.
Gonioscopy of the anterior chamber angle. Labeled structures: 1. Schwalbe's line, 2. Trabecular meshwork (TM), 3. Scleral spur, 4. Ciliary body, 5. Iris Gonioscopy of the anterior chamber angle. Schwalbe's line is the anatomical line found on the interior surface of the eye's cornea, and delineates the outer limit of the corneal endothelium layer.
Examination findings may include microaneurysms, cotton wool spots, dot and blot hemorrhages, and neovascularization. [8] [10] Dilated fundus exam is the preferred method of diagnosis, as undilated exam may be too limited to visualize lesions or neovascularization that are more peripheral. [11]
One peculiar feature of the anterior chamber is dampened immune response to allogenic grafts. This is called anterior chamber associated immune deviation (ACAID), a term introduced in 1981 by Streilein et al. [3] [4] This phenomenon is relevant to the fact that the eye is considered an "immune privileged site", like the brain and the testis.
Fundus photographs are ocular documentation that record the appearance of a patient's retina. Optometrists, ophthalmologists, orthoptists and other trained medical professionals use fundus photography for monitoring the progression of certain eye condition/diseases.