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Before the bus boycott, Jim Crow laws mandated the racial segregation of the Montgomery Bus Line. As a result of this segregation, African Americans were not hired as drivers, were forced to ride in the back of the bus, and were frequently ordered to surrender their seats to white people even though black passengers made up 75% of the bus system's riders. [2]
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Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses: 1941–1951: Iraq: Iraqi Jews: Farhud [4] Mohandas Gandhi Indian independence movement: British Raj: Desired economic independence for India: Swadeshi movement: 1955–1968: African Americans: Various: Racial segregation in the United States: Civil Rights Movement Montgomery bus boycott: 1961–1983: West ...
The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) was an organization formed on December 5, 1955 by black ministers and community leaders in Montgomery, Alabama.Under the leadership of Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr. and Edgar Nixon, the MIA was instrumental in guiding the Montgomery bus boycott by setting up the car pool system that would sustain the boycott, negotiating settlements with ...
The Tallahassee bus boycott was a citywide boycott in Tallahassee, Florida that sought to end racial segregation in the employment and seating arrangements of city buses. On May 26, 1956, Wilhelmina Jakes and Carrie Patterson, two Florida A&M University students, were arrested by the Tallahassee Police Department for "placing themselves in a ...
After a successful one-day bus boycott on December 5, 1955, Nixon met with a group of ministers to plan the larger boycott. [1] But, the meeting did not proceed as he had envisioned. The ministers wanted to organize a low-key boycott that would not upset the white power structure in Montgomery.
Activist E.D. Nixon, leading some of the bus boycott movement, shared information that Smith's father was an alcoholic, and she was not the right symbol to withstand the publicity. The family and neighbors dispute this characterization. [3] Additionally, she was considered not the "right class" to be the rallying point for the movement. [5]
Before the start of the Montgomery bus boycott, Gilmore decided to stop riding city buses after her and her mother experienced discrimination on the bus. [6] She was not afraid to confront white men and was fiercely protective of her family. [7] Gilmore worked as a cook at the National Lunch Company, a restaurant, in downtown Montgomery in the ...