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Political authors such as John Rawls, Thomas Nagel, and Ronald Dworkin contend whether governments are inherently coercive. [5]: 28 In 1919, Max Weber (1864–1920), building on the view of Ihering (1818–1892), [6] defined a state as "a human community that (successfully) claims a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force".
In a notable study of power conducted by social psychologists John R. P. French and Bertram Raven in 1959, power is divided into five separate and distinct forms. [1] [2] They identified those five bases of power as coercive, reward, legitimate, referent, and expert.
In sociology, social facts are values, cultural norms, and social structures that transcend the individual and can exercise social control.The French sociologist Émile Durkheim defined the term, and argued that the discipline of sociology should be understood as the empirical study of social facts.
French and Raven state that there are Five Bases of Social Power: reward, coercive, legitimate, referent, and expert. Growth of each of these five types of power increases a leader's overall power but attempting to utilize power beyond what they actually have available causes a decrease in their power instead. [156]
It defines coercive control as a pattern of behavior intended to threaten, intimidate, harass, isolate, control, coerce or compel compliance and causes the victim to reasonably fear physical harm ...
Compellence is a form of coercion that attempts to get an actor (such as a state) to change its behavior through threats to use force or the actual use of limited force. [1] [2] [3] Compellence can be more clearly described as "a political-diplomatic strategy that aims to influence an adversary's will or incentive structure.
Anti-psychiatry considers psychiatry a coercive instrument of oppression due to an unequal power relationship between doctor, therapist, and patient or client, and a highly subjective diagnostic process. Involuntary commitment, which can be enforced legally through sectioning, is an important issue in the movement. When sectioned, involuntary ...
It is commonly seen as analytically distinct from persuasion (which may not necessarily involve the imposition of costs), brute force (which may not be intended to shape the adversary's behavior), or full-on war (which involves the use of full military force). [1] [5] [3] Coercion takes the form of either deterrence or compellence.