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An inversion in their tangent point with respect to a circle of appropriate radius transforms the two touching given circles into two parallel lines, and the third given circle into another circle. Thus, the solutions may be found by sliding a circle of constant radius between two parallel lines until it contacts the transformed third circle.
The sum of the squared lengths of any two chords intersecting at right angles at a given point is the same as that of any other two perpendicular chords intersecting at the same point and is given by 8r 2 − 4p 2, where r is the circle radius, and p is the distance from the centre point to the point of intersection. [14]
Gauss's circle problem asks how many points there are inside this circle of the form (,) where and are both integers. Since the equation of this circle is given in Cartesian coordinates by x 2 + y 2 = r 2 {\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}=r^{2}} , the question is equivalently asking how many pairs of integers m and n there are such that
There are only three independent scalars that can be obtained from two vectors v and w, namely v · v, v · w, and w · w. Thus the radius of curvature must be a function of the three scalars | γ′(t) | 2, | γ″(t) | 2 and γ′(t) · γ″(t). [3] The general equation for a parametrized circle in ℝ n is
The tangent lines must be equal in length for any point on the radical axis: | | = | |. If P, T 1, T 2 lie on a common tangent, then P is the midpoint of ¯.. In Euclidean geometry, the radical axis of two non-concentric circles is the set of points whose power with respect to the circles are equal.
For any point outside of the circle there are two tangent points , on circle , which have equal distance to . Hence the circle o {\displaystyle o} with center P {\displaystyle P} through T 1 {\displaystyle T_{1}} passes T 2 {\displaystyle T_{2}} , too, and intersects c {\displaystyle c} orthogonal:
Figure 9: The two tangent lines of the two tangent points of a given circle intersect on the radical axis R (red line) of the two solution circles (pink). The three points of intersection on R are the poles of the lines connecting the blue tangent points in each given circle (black). Gergonne's approach is to consider the solution circles in ...
The recursion terminates when P is empty, and a solution can be found from the points in R: for 0 or 1 points the solution is trivial, for 2 points the minimal circle has its center at the midpoint between the two points, and for 3 points the circle is the circumcircle of the triangle described by the points.