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The foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire were characterized by competition with the Persian Empire to the east, Russia to the north, and Austria to the west. The control over European minorities began to collapse after 1800, with Greece being the first to break free, followed by Serbia. Egypt was lost in 1798–1805.
The Ottoman Empire [k] (/ ˈ ɒ t ə m ə n / ⓘ), also called the Turkish Empire, [23] [24] was an imperial realm [l] that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.
The Ottomans first crossed into Europe in 1352, establishing a permanent settlement at Çimpe Castle on the Dardanelles in 1354 and moving their capital to Edirne (Adrianople) in 1369. At the same time, the numerous small Turkic states in Asia Minor were assimilated into the budding Ottoman sultanate through conquest or declarations of allegiance.
In Zhao Shizhen's book of 1598, the Shenqipu, there were illustrations of Ottoman Turkish musketmen with detailed illustrations of their muskets, alongside European musketeers with detailed illustrations of their muskets. [41] There was also illustration and description of how the Chinese had adopted the Ottoman kneeling position in firing. [25]
Chinese goods such as silk, tea, and ceramics were in great demand in Europe, leading to an inflow of silver, expanding the money supply and facilitating the growth of competitive and stable markets. [45] By the end of the 18th century, population density levels exceeded those in Europe. [46]
1346: The Ottomans entered Europe. 1361 : Conquest of Edirne by the Ottomans occurred. 1370 : The Salars are descended from Turkmen who migrated from Central Asia and settled in a Tibetan area of Qinghai under Ming Chinese rule.
The Ottoman Empire: Resources – University of Michigan; The Ottoman Empire: A Chronological Outline; World Civilizations: The Ottomans A comprehensive site that covers much about the Ottoman state and government; Ottoman History Podcast An internet radio broadcast dedicated to the history, culture and society of the Ottoman Empire and Middle East
In the Islamic world, the Ottomans were widely recognized as Romans. [36] [33] [52] Early Arab sources refer to the Ottomans as atrak ("Turks"), though this term was later replaced with rumi (plural arwam), and the geographical name Rum came to mean both Anatolia and the Balkan territories under control of the Ottoman Empire. [74]