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Crystal structure of CH 3 NH 3 PbX 3 perovskites (X=I, Br and/or Cl). The methylammonium cation (CH 3 NH 3 +) is surrounded by PbX 6 octahedra. [13]The name "perovskite solar cell" is derived from the ABX 3 crystal structure of the absorber materials, referred to as perovskite structure, where A and B are cations and X is an anion.
Perovskite (pronunciation: / p ə ˈ r ɒ v s k aɪ t /) is a calcium titanium oxide mineral composed of calcium titanate (chemical formula Ca Ti O 3).Its name is also applied to the class of compounds which have the same type of crystal structure as CaTiO 3, known as the perovskite structure, which has a general chemical formula A 2+ B 4+ (X 2−) 3. [6]
The main obstacle to viable tin perovskite solar cells is the instability of tin's oxidation state Sn 2+, which is easily oxidized to the stabler Sn 4+. [10] In solar cell research, this process is called self-doping, [11] because the Sn 4+ acts as a p-dopant and reduces solar cell efficiency.
A perovskite is any material of formula ABX 3 with a crystal structure similar to that of the mineral perovskite, this latter consisting of calcium titanium oxide (CaTiO 3). [2] The mineral was first discovered in the Ural mountains of Russia by Gustav Rose in 1839 and named after Russian mineralogist L. A. Perovski (1792–1856).
Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) phases are a type of perovskite structure that consists of two-dimensional perovskite-like slabs interleaved with cations.The general formula of an RP phase is A n+1 B n X 3n+1, where A and B are cations, X is an anion (e.g., oxygen), and n is the number of octahedral layers in the perovskite-like stack. [1]
Perovskite solar cells are also forecast to be extremely cheap to scale up, making them a very attractive option for commercialisation. So far most types of perovskite solar cells have not reached sufficient operational stability to be commercialised, although many research groups are investigating ways to solve this. [99]
A direct plasmonic solar cell is a solar cell that converts light into electricity using plasmons as the active, photovoltaic material. The active material thickness varies from that of traditional silicon PV (~100-200 μm wafers) , [ 4 ] to less than 2 μm thick, and theoretically could be as thin as 100 nm. [ 5 ]
Perovskite MAPbX 3 thin films have been shown to be promising materials for optical gain applications such as lasers and optical amplifiers. [137] [138] Afterwards, the lasing properties of colloidal perovskite NCs such as CsPbX 3 nanocubes, [19] [139] MAPbBr 3 nanoplatelets [113] and FAPbX 3 nanocubes [83] [82] were also demonstrated.