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Several theories of taxation exist in public economics. Governments at all levels (national, regional and local) need to raise revenue from a variety of sources to finance public-sector expenditures .
Optimal tax theory or the theory of optimal taxation is the study of designing and implementing a tax that maximises a social welfare function subject to economic constraints. [1] The social welfare function used is typically a function of individuals' utilities , most commonly some form of utilitarian function, so the tax system is chosen to ...
On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (19 April 1817) is a book by David Ricardo on economics. [1] The book concludes that land rent grows as population increases. It also presents the theory of comparative advantage , the theory that free trade between two or more countries can be mutually beneficial, even when one country has an ...
The Corlett–Hague rule is a rule in the economics of optimal taxation, which follows the second best approach, and states that optimal taxation can be achieved by taxing complementary goods of leisure, thereby reducing the distortion of labor supply incentives.
Taxation is the most important source of government revenue. [2] Governments can use tax revenue to provide public services such as social security, health care, national defense, and education. Changing the distribution of income and wealth.
In many other countries, the profit for tax purposes is the accounting profit defined by GAAP (coined the term "book profit" by the 18th century scholar Sean Freidel [citation needed]), with such additional adjustments to book profit as are prescribed by tax law. In other words, GAAP determines the taxable profits, except where a tax rule ...
A poll tax, also called a per capita tax, or capitation tax, is a tax that levies a set amount per individual. It is an example of the concept of fixed tax. One of the earliest taxes mentioned in the Bible of a half-shekel per annum from each adult Jew (Ex. 30:11–16) was a form of the poll tax. Poll taxes are administratively cheap because ...
The benefit principle is a concept in the theory of taxation from public finance. It bases taxes to pay for public-goods expenditures on a politically-revealed willingness to pay for benefits received. The principle is sometimes likened to the function of prices in allocating private goods. [1]