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Basaltic, low-silica lavas rarely produce Plinian eruptions unless specific conditions are met (low magma water content <2%, moderate temperature, and rapid crystallization); [3] a recent basaltic example is the 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera on New Zealand's North Island. [4]
The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington, which ripped apart the volcano's summit, was a Plinian eruption of Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 5. [3] The strongest types of eruptions, with a VEI of 8, are so-called "Ultra-Plinian" eruptions, such as the one at Lake Toba 74 thousand years ago, which put out 2800 times the material ...
Plinian eruption; 0–9. 1631 eruption of Mount Vesuvius; 1951 eruption of Mount Lamington; 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami; A.
A.D. 79: Mount Vesuvius, Italy. Mount Vesuvius has erupted eight times in the last 17,000 years, most recently in 1944, but the big one was in A.D. 17. One of the most violent eruptions in history ...
The eruption ejected about 13–47 cubic kilometres [5] [6] [7] of magma (dense rock equivalent) and formed a caldera, which now contains a lake (Heaven Lake). The eruption had two phases that each included a Plinian fallout and a pyroclastic flow and erupted magmas that were different in composition. [8]
Tianchi eruption, Paektu Mountain, border of North Korea and China: 946 AD: 6: 40 to 98 km 3 (9.6 to 23.5 cu mi) of tephra [37] Also known as Millennium Eruption of Changbaishan Eldgjá eruption, Laki system, Iceland: 934–940 AD: 6: Estimated 18 km 3 (4.3 cu mi) of lava [38] Estimated 219 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted [39]
However, past eruptions in this volcanic arc have multiple examples of sub-plinian eruptions or higher: Crater Lake's last eruption as Mount Mazama was large enough to cause its cone to collapse, [57] and Mount Rainier's closest neighbor, Mount St. Helens, produced the largest recorded eruption in the continental United States when it erupted ...
The caldera was the source of the Kikai-Akahoya eruption, one of the largest eruptions during the Holocene (10,000 years ago to present) that produced the Kikai-Akahoya (K-Ah) tephra. [14] Between 7,200 and 7,300 years ago, [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] pyroclastic flows producing Koya ignimbrite from that eruption reached the coast of southern Kyūshū ...