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Nuclease S1 (EC 3.1.30.1) is an endonuclease enzyme that splits single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and RNA into oligo- or mononucleotides. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction Endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphomononucleotide and 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products
Due to the anti-parallel nature of DNA, this means the 3' end of the template strand is upstream of the gene and the 5' end is downstream. Some genes on the same DNA molecule may be transcribed in opposite directions. This means the upstream and downstream areas of the molecule may change depending on which gene is used as the reference.
The levels of S1P (in a range of 5–40 μmol/L) are 5 to 10 times up-regulated in ovarian cancer patients' ascites. S1P at this physiological concentration stimulates migration and invasion of epithelial ovarian cancer cells but inhibits migration of normal ovarian surface epithelial cells. [13]
The upstream part of a bioprocess refers to the first step in which microbes/cells are grown, e.g. bacterial or mammalian cell lines (see cell culture), in bioreactors. Upstream processing involves all the steps related to inoculum development, media development, improvement of inoculum by genetic engineering process, optimization of growth ...
Bioreactor. Biochemical engineering, also known as bioprocess engineering, is a field of study with roots stemming from chemical engineering and biological engineering.It mainly deals with the design, construction, and advancement of unit processes that involve biological organisms (such as fermentation) or organic molecules (often enzymes) and has various applications in areas of interest ...
The relative positions of structures along strands of nucleic acid, including genes and various protein binding sites, are usually noted as being either upstream (towards the 5′-end) or downstream (towards the 3′-end). (See also upstream and downstream.) Directionality is related to, but different from, sense.
The 5' UTR of prokaryotes consists of the Shine–Dalgarno sequence (5'-AGGAGGU-3'). [6] This sequence is found 3-10 base pairs upstream from the initiation codon. The initiation codon is the start site of translation into protein.
Upstream and downstream (DNA), determining relative positions on DNA; Upstream and downstream (transduction) determining temporal and mechanistic order of cellular and molecular events of signal transduction