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Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality constant that indicates the degree of magnetization of a material in response to an applied magnetic field. A related term is magnetizability, the proportion between magnetic moment and magnetic flux density. [3]
Schematic diagram of Gouy balance. The Gouy balance, invented by the French physicist Louis Georges Gouy, is a device for measuring the magnetic susceptibility of a sample. . The Gouy balance operates on magnetic torque, by placing the sample on a horizontal arm or beam suspended by a thin fiber, and placing either a permanent magnet or electromagnet on the other end of the arm, there is a ...
The rotating shaft is surrounded by magnets. A small amount of ferrofluid, placed in the gap between the magnet and the shaft, will be held in place by its attraction to the magnet. The fluid of magnetic particles forms a barrier which prevents debris from entering the interior of the hard drive.
For comparison, a typical refrigerator magnet produces 0.01 tesla (10 −2 T), and some processes in animals produce very small magnetic fields between 10 −9 T and 10 −6 T. SERF atomic magnetometers, invented in the early 2000s are potentially more sensitive and do not require cryogenic refrigeration but are orders of magnitude larger in ...
Variation of magnetic susceptibility with temperature. A metal ion with a single unpaired electron, such as Cu 2+, in a coordination complex provides the simplest illustration of the mechanism of paramagnetism. The individual metal ions are kept far apart by the ligands, so that there is no magnetic interaction between them.
For example, the magnetic susceptibility of diamagnets such as water is χ v = −9.05 × 10 −6. The most strongly diamagnetic material is bismuth, χ v = −1.66 × 10 −4, although pyrolytic carbon may have a susceptibility of χ v = −4.00 × 10 −4 in one plane. Nevertheless, these values are orders of magnitude smaller than the ...
Where is the elementary magnetic moment and is the volume element; in other words, the M-field is the distribution of magnetic moments in the region or manifold concerned. This is better illustrated through the following relation: m = ∭ M d V {\displaystyle \mathbf {m} =\iiint \mathbf {M} \,\mathrm {d} V} where m is an ordinary magnetic ...
An alternative method for measuring magnetic susceptibility is the Gouy balance. In this technique there is an inhomogeneous magnetic field in the central region between two (flat) poles of a magnet, either a permanent magnet or an electromagnet. The sample must be in powder form and is placed in a cylindrical tube, which is then suspended in ...