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Copper was initially recovered from sulfide ores by directly smelting the ore in a furnace. [10] The smelters were initially located near the mines to minimize the cost of transport. This avoided the prohibitive costs of transporting the waste minerals and the sulfur and iron present in the copper-containing minerals.
The effect copper slag has on concrete compressive strength was found by performing compressive strength test on various 7- and 28-day concrete mixes. The ratio of copper slag to sand in each mix varied by 20% increments from 0% to 100%. With each mix having a unique amount of copper in it the effects of cooper slag on concrete are observable.
Copper is precipitated as its sulfide as a means to purify nickel leachates. Cementation is the conversion of the metal ion to the metal by a redox reaction. A typical application involves addition of scrap iron to a solution of copper ions. Iron dissolves and copper metal is deposited. Solvent Extraction; Ion exchange; Gas reduction.
16th century cupellation furnaces (per Agricola). Cupellation is a refining process in metallurgy in which ores or alloyed metals are treated under very high temperatures and subjected to controlled operations to separate noble metals, like gold and silver, from base metals, like lead, copper, zinc, arsenic, antimony, or bismuth, present in the ore.
[10] How the discovery came about is debated. Campfires are about 200 °C short of the temperature needed, so some propose that the first smelting of copper may have occurred in pottery kilns. [11] (The development of copper smelting in the Andes, which is believed to have occurred independently of the Old World, may have occurred in the same way.
Copper extraction in particular is of great interest in archeometallurgical studies since it dominated other metals in Mesopotamia from the early Chalcolithic until the mid-to-late sixth century BC. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] There is a lack of consensus among archaeometallurgists on the origin of non-ferrous extractive metallurgy.
The copper is extracted from the solvent with strong aqueous acid which then deposits pure copper onto cathodes using an electrolytic procedure (electrowinning). SX/EW processing is best known for its use by the copper industry, where it accounts for 20% of worldwide production, but the technology is also successfully applied to a wide range of ...
A solution containing copper sulfide would be collected in a basin, then precipitated in a process called cementation, resulting in metallic copper. [4] Heap leaching, in this natural chemical-free form, was further developed to obtain different, more economically viable, types of ore.