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Due to the wide open-loop bandwidth of a CFA, there is a high risk of the circuit breaking into oscillations. C s ensures that frequencies, where oscillations might start are attenuated, especially when running with a low closed-loop gain. The output stage (in magenta) is a buffer that provides current gain.
For example, the general purpose TL081 op amp has a slew rate of 13 V per microsecond. As a general rule, low power and small bandwidth op amps have low slew rates. As an example, the LT1494 micropower op amp consumes 1.5 microamp but has a 2.7 kHz gain-bandwidth product and a 0.001 V per microsecond slew rate. Non-linear input-output relationship
The open-loop gain of many electronic amplifiers is exceedingly high (by design) – an ideal operational amplifier (op-amp) has infinite open-loop gain. Typically an op-amp may have a maximal open-loop gain of around , or 100 dB. An op-amp with a large open-loop gain offers high precision when used as an inverting amplifier. Normally, negative ...
The closed-loop transfer function is measured at the output. The output signal can be calculated from the closed-loop transfer function and the input signal. Signals may be waveforms, images, or other types of data streams. An example of a closed-loop block diagram, from which a transfer function may be computed, is shown below:
where Z dif is the op-amp's input impedance to differential signals, and A OL is the open-loop voltage gain of the op-amp (which varies with frequency), and B is the feedback factor (the fraction of the output signal that returns to the input). [3] [4] In the case of the ideal op-amp, with A OL infinite and Z dif infinite, the input impedance ...
As with the standard op-amp, practical OTA's have some non-ideal characteristics. These include: Input stage non-linearity at higher differential input voltages due to the characteristics of the input stage transistors. In the early devices, such as the CA3080, the input stage consisted of two bipolar transistors connected in the differential ...