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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to epistemology: Epistemology (aka theory of knowledge ) – branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge . [ 1 ] The term was introduced into English by the Scottish philosopher James Frederick Ferrier (1808–1864). [ 2 ]
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that examines the nature, origin, and limits of knowledge.Also called "theory of knowledge", it explores different types of knowledge, such as propositional knowledge about facts, practical knowledge in the form of skills, and knowledge by acquaintance as a familiarity through experience.
The metaphysical distinction between necessary and contingent truths has also been related to a priori and a posteriori knowledge.. A proposition that is necessarily true is one in which its negation is self-contradictory; it is true in every possible world.
This type of epistemology is sometimes seen to side with “essentialism” as opposed to “multiculturalism”. [9] But Goldman has argued that this association between veritistic epistemology and essentialism is not necessary. [9] He describes Social Epistemology as knowledge derived from one’s interactions with another person, group or ...
The research emerged in part from William G. Perry's research on the cognitive intellectual development of male Harvard College students. [1] [4] Developmental theories of epistemic cognition in this model have been developed by Deanna Kuhn and others, with a focus on the sequential phases of development characterising changes in views of knowledge and knowing.
In epistemology (theory of knowledge) empiricism is typically contrasted with rationalism, which holds that knowledge may be derived from reason independently of the senses, and in the philosophy of mind it is often contrasted with innatism, which holds that some knowledge and ideas are already present in the mind at birth. However, many ...
Formal epistemology uses formal methods from decision theory, logic, probability theory and computability theory to model and reason about issues of epistemological interest. Work in this area spans several academic fields, including philosophy , computer science , economics , and statistics .
A priori and a posteriori knowledge – these terms are used with respect to reasoning (epistemology) to distinguish necessary conclusions from first premises.. A priori knowledge or justification – knowledge that is independent of experience, as with mathematics, tautologies ("All bachelors are unmarried"), and deduction from pure reason (e.g., ontological proofs).