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A metric on a set X is a function (called the distance function or simply distance) d : X × X → R + (where R + is the set of non-negative real numbers). For all x, y, z in X, this function is required to satisfy the following conditions: d(x, y) ≥ 0 (non-negativity) d(x, y) = 0 if and only if x = y (identity of indiscernibles.
That is (unlike road distance with one-way streets) the distance between two points does not depend on which of the two points is the start and which is the destination. [12] It is positive, meaning that the distance between every two distinct points is a positive number, while the distance from any point to itself is zero. [12]
The distance (or perpendicular distance) from a point to a line is the shortest distance from a fixed point to any point on a fixed infinite line in Euclidean geometry. It is the length of the line segment which joins the point to the line and is perpendicular to the line. The formula for calculating it can be derived and expressed in several ways.
In a grid plan, the travel distance between street corners is given by the Manhattan distance: the number of east–west and north–south blocks one must traverse to get between those two points. Chessboard distance, formalized as Chebyshev distance, is the minimum number of moves a king must make on a chessboard in order to travel between two ...
For a fixed length n, the Hamming distance is a metric on the set of the words of length n (also known as a Hamming space), as it fulfills the conditions of non-negativity, symmetry, the Hamming distance of two words is 0 if and only if the two words are identical, and it satisfies the triangle inequality as well: [2] Indeed, if we fix three words a, b and c, then whenever there is a ...
This different definition of distance also leads to a different definition of the length of a curve, for which a line segment between any two points has the same length as a grid path between those points rather than its Euclidean length. The taxicab distance is also sometimes known as rectilinear distance or L 1 distance (see L p space). [1]
The Mahalanobis distance is a measure of the distance between a point and a distribution, introduced by P. C. Mahalanobis in 1936. [1] The mathematical details of Mahalanobis distance first appeared in the Journal of The Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1936. [ 2 ]
It describes the distance on the real line between the points corresponding to and . It is a special case of the L p distance for all 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ {\displaystyle 1\leq p\leq \infty } and is the standard metric used for both the set of rational numbers Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } and their completion, the set of real numbers R ...