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It is unclear what concentration of adrenal androgens is best for normal growth, puberty, and bone health. [221] One of the challenging aspects of long-term management is optimizing growth so that a child with CAH achieves his or her height potential because both undertreatment and overtreatment can reduce growth or the remaining time for growth.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by impaired cortisol synthesis. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It results from the deficiency of one of the five enzymes required for the synthesis of cortisol in the adrenal cortex . [ 3 ]
Ovarian and adrenal androgen production is minimal and produces little pubic or other body hair. [citation needed] However insufficient estradiol and progesterone are produced to induce maturation of an egg and ovulation. Although prepubertal ovaries are inactive enough that no lipid accumulates to cause damage, once they have begun to produce ...
Hyperandrogenism is a medical condition characterized by high levels of androgens.It is more common in women than men. [4] Symptoms of hyperandrogenism may include acne, seborrhea, hair loss on the scalp, increased body or facial hair, and infrequent or absent menstruation.
Girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia show an increase in probability of transsexuality later in life; however, this probability is still only 1–3% in CAH. [8] Although historically abnormal sexual differentiation has pointed to androgens as a causal factor, there are codeterminants of gender identity and sexual orientation. [8]
[citation needed] These C11-oxy androgens can contribute to the pathology of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and prostate cancer. [7] [8] The androgen backdoor route is activated during normal prenatal development and leads to early male sexual differentiation.
Androgens are synthesized in the testes, the ovaries, and the adrenal glands. Androgens increase in both males and females during puberty. [3] The major androgen in males is testosterone. [4] Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androstenedione are of equal importance in male development. [4] DHT in utero causes differentiation of the penis, scrotum ...
Testosterone is also synthesized in far smaller total quantities in women by the adrenal glands, thecal cells of the ovaries, and, during pregnancy, by the placenta. [158] In the testes, testosterone is produced by the Leydig cells. [159] The male generative glands also contain Sertoli cells, which require testosterone for spermatogenesis.