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  2. Photon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon

    Einstein was troubled by the fact that his theory seemed incomplete, since it did not determine the direction of a spontaneously emitted photon. A probabilistic nature of light-particle motion was first considered by Newton in his treatment of birefringence and, more generally, of the splitting of light beams at interfaces into a transmitted ...

  3. Quantum optics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_optics

    That energy possessed by a single photon corresponds exactly to the transition between discrete energy levels in an atom (or other system) that emitted the photon; material absorption of a photon is the reverse process. Einstein's explanation of spontaneous emission also predicted the existence of stimulated emission, the principle upon which ...

  4. Quantization of the electromagnetic field - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization_of_the...

    The photon having non-zero linear momentum, one could imagine that it has a non-vanishing rest mass m 0, which is its mass at zero speed. However, we will now show that this is not the case: m 0 = 0. Since the photon propagates with the speed of light, special relativity is called for. The relativistic expressions for energy and momentum ...

  5. Einstein's thought experiments - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein's_thought_experiments

    In his 1905 paper on light quanta, [p 16] Einstein created the quantum theory of light. His proposal that light exists as tiny packets (photons) was so revolutionary, that even such major pioneers of quantum theory as Planck and Bohr refused to believe that it could be true.

  6. Einstein coefficients - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_coefficients

    In atomic, molecular, and optical physics, the Einstein coefficients are quantities describing the probability of absorption or emission of a photon by an atom or molecule. [1] The Einstein A coefficients are related to the rate of spontaneous emission of light, and the Einstein B coefficients are related to the absorption and stimulated ...

  7. Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic...

    By recording the attenuation of light for various wavelengths, an absorption spectrum can be obtained. In physics, absorption of electromagnetic radiation is how matter (typically electrons bound in atoms) takes up a photon's energy—and so transforms electromagnetic energy into internal energy of the absorber (for example, thermal energy). [1]

  8. Quantum biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_biology

    Quantum biology is the study of applications of quantum mechanics and theoretical chemistry to aspects of biology that cannot be accurately described by the classical laws of physics. [1] An understanding of fundamental quantum interactions is important because they determine the properties of the next level of organization in biological systems.

  9. Biophotonics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophotonics

    The time delay between excitation and re-emission that occurs when returning to the stable ground state causes the photon that is re-emitted to be a different color (i.e. it relaxes to a lower energy and thus the photon emitted is at a shorter wavelength, as governed by the Plank-Einstein relation =) than the excitation light that was absorbed ...