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Diterpenes are a class of terpenes composed of four isoprene units, often with the molecular formula C 20 H 32. They are biosynthesized by plants, animals and fungi via the HMG-CoA reductase pathway , with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate being a primary intermediate.
The terpene alpha-pinene is a major component of the common solvent, turpentine. The one terpene that has major applications is natural rubber (i.e., polyisoprene). The possibility that other terpenes could be used as precursors to produce synthetic polymers has been investigated. Many terpenes have been shown to have pharmacological effects.
Turpentine is composed of terpenes, primarily the monoterpenes alpha-and beta-pinene, with lesser amounts of carene, camphene, limonene, and terpinolene. [3] Substitutes include white spirit or other petroleum distillates – although the constituent chemicals are very different. [4]
3-Carene is a bicyclic monoterpene consisting of fused cyclohexene and cyclopropane rings. It occurs as a constituent of turpentine, [2] with a content as high as 42% depending on the source.
Biosynthetic pathway to alpha-terpinene from geranyl pyrophosphate. [2]The biosynthesis of α-terpinene and other terpenoids starts with the isomerization of geranyl pyrophosphate to linalyl pyrophosphate (LPP).
Terpineol is any of four isomeric monoterpenoids.Terpenoids are terpene that are modified by the addition of a functional group, in this case, an alcohol.Terpineols have been isolated from a variety of sources such as cardamom, cajuput oil, pine oil, and petitgrain oil. [2]