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The International Phonetic Alphabet, or IPA, is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language. [1] The following tables present pulmonic and non-pulmonic consonants.
A pulmonic consonant is a consonant produced by air pressure from the lungs, as opposed to ejective, implosive and click consonants. Most languages have only pulmonic consonants. Ian Maddieson, in his survey of 566 languages, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] found that only 152 had ejectives, implosives, or clicks (or two or three of these types) – that is, 73% ...
The three types of ingressive sounds are lingual ingressive or velaric ingressive (from the tongue and the velum), glottalic ingressive (from the glottis), and pulmonic ingressive (from the lungs). The opposite of an ingressive sound is an egressive sound , by which the air stream is created by pushing air out through the mouth or nose.
So-called glottalized vowels and other sonorants use the more common pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism. There is no clear divide between pulmonic and glottalic sounds. Some languages may have consonants which are intermediate. For example, glottalized consonants in London English, such as the t in rat [ˈɹæʔt], may be
Implosive consonants are a group of stop consonants (and possibly also some affricates) with a mixed glottalic ingressive and pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism. [1] That is, the airstream is controlled by moving the glottis downward in addition to expelling air from the lungs.
The three types of egressive sounds are pulmonic egressive (from the lungs), glottalic egressive (from the glottis), and lingual (velaric) egressive (from the tongue). The opposite of an egressive sound is an ingressive sound , in which the airstream flows inward through the mouth or nose.
See Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for examples in this system. Parentheses are used for indistinguishable [ 17 ] or unidentified utterances. They are also seen for silent articulation (mouthing), [ 19 ] where the expected phonetic transcription is derived from lip-reading, and with periods to indicate silent pauses, for ...
For example, when making a p sound, the lips come together tightly, blocking the air momentarily and causing a buildup of air pressure. The lips then release suddenly, causing a burst of sound. The place of articulation of this sound is therefore called bilabial, and the manner is called stop (also known as a plosive).