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The American Miners' Association was the first national union of miners in the United States. [1] Formed in 1861 at a convention in St. Louis, Missouri , by English delegates from the bituminous fields of Illinois and Missouri , its short lived success and growth were primarily results of the Civil War .
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The Butte Miners' Union (BMU) was Local Number One of the Western Federation of Miners. The BMU dominated the WFM in its early days, but control later passed to Colorado. [ 4 ] While the WFM developed a reputation for radical politics and militancy in Idaho and Colorado, labor relations in Montana were more amicable.
The American Mining Congress (AMC) was an association of mining groups and is noted for initiatives that promoted the interest of the mining industry. It later merged with the National Coal Association (NCA) to form the National Mining Association in 1995.
Striking white miners had been out of work for nearly a year when the Overholt brothers, part owners of one of the four Pana mines, went to Alabama to recruit African-American "scab" labor (strikebreakers) in an effort to re-open the mines. Previous attempts to open the mines with white non-union workers had failed amid violence.
June 1 – American miners begin a strike, which successfully establishes the United Mine Workers Union and brings about the 8-hour work day to mines. June 2 – Mark Twain, responding to rumors that he is dead, is quoted by the New York Journal as saying, "The report of my death was an exaggeration."