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  2. Normal probability plot - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_probability_plot

    The normal probability plot is a graphical technique to identify substantive departures from normality. This includes identifying outliers, skewness, kurtosis, a need for transformations, and mixtures. Normal probability plots are made of raw data, residuals from model fits, and estimated parameters. In a normal probability plot (also called a ...

  3. Q–Q plot - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q–Q_plot

    The data cover the period 1893–2001. In statistics, a Q–Q plot (quantile–quantile plot) is a probability plot, a graphical method for comparing two probability distributions by plotting their quantiles against each other. [1] A point (x, y) on the plot corresponds to one of the quantiles of the second distribution (y -coordinate) plotted ...

  4. Normal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution

    In probability theory and statistics, a normal distribution or Gaussian distribution is a type of continuous probability distribution for a real-valued random variable. The general form of its probability density function is f ( x ) = 1 2 π σ 2 e − ( x − μ ) 2 2 σ 2 . {\displaystyle f(x)={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi \sigma ^{2}}}}e^{-{\frac ...

  5. Standard normal table - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_normal_table

    Standard normal table. In statistics, a standard normal table, also called the unit normal table or Z table, [1] is a mathematical table for the values of Φ, the cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution. It is used to find the probability that a statistic is observed below, above, or between values on the standard normal ...

  6. Central limit theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_limit_theorem

    The scaled sum of a sequence of i.i.d. random variables with finite positive variance converges in distribution to the normal distribution. In probability theory, the central limit theorem (CLT) states that, under appropriate conditions, the distribution of a normalized version of the sample mean converges to a standard normal distribution.

  7. Generalized additive model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_additive_model

    Generalized additive model. In statistics, a generalized additive model (GAM) is a generalized linear model in which the linear response variable depends linearly on unknown smooth functions of some predictor variables, and interest focuses on inference about these smooth functions. GAMs were originally developed by Trevor Hastie and Robert ...

  8. Curve fitting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve_fitting

    Curve fitting. Fitting of a noisy curve by an asymmetrical peak model, with an iterative process (Gauss–Newton algorithm with variable damping factor α). Curve fitting[1][2] is the process of constructing a curve, or mathematical function, that has the best fit to a series of data points, [3] possibly subject to constraints. [4][5] Curve ...

  9. Probability distribution fitting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution...

    When the larger values tend to be farther away from the mean than the smaller values, one has a skew distribution to the right (i.e. there is positive skewness), one may for example select the log-normal distribution (i.e. the log values of the data are normally distributed), the log-logistic distribution (i.e. the log values of the data follow ...