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[85] [86] Thomas Gardner agreed with Watts, arguing that the Beowulf text is too varied to be completely constructed from set formulae and themes. [85] [87] John Miles Foley wrote that comparative work must observe the particularities of a given tradition; in his view, there was a fluid continuum from traditionality to textuality. [88]
This is a list of translations of Beowulf, one of the best-known Old English heroic epic poems. Beowulf has been translated many times in verse and in prose. By 2020, the Beowulf's Afterlives Bibliographic Database listed some 688 translations and other versions of the poem, from Thorkelin's 1787 transcription of the text, and in at least 38 languages.
Remounted page from Beowulf, British Library Cotton Vitellius A.XV, 133r First page of Beowulf, contained in the damaged Nowell Codex (132r). The Nowell Codex is the second of two manuscripts comprising the bound volume Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, one of the four major Old English poetic manuscripts.
The former, subtitled "Beowulf and Grendel", is a poem or song [5] of seven eight-line stanzas about Beowulf's victory over Grendel. The latter is a poem of fifteen eight-line stanzas on the same theme; several of the stanzas, including the first and the last, are almost identical with the first version.
Among the challenges to the translator of Beowulf are whether to attempt a verse or prose rendering; [3] how closely to stick to the original; [4] whether to make the language archaic or to use distinctly modern phraseology; [4] whether to domesticate or foreignize the text; [4] to what extent to imitate the original's laconic style and ...
The Thorkelín transcriptions are now an important textual source for Beowulf, as the original manuscript's margins have suffered from deterioration and vandalism throughout the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. His early copies provide a record in many areas where the text would otherwise be lost forever.
2007: Beowulf, a DVD release of a performance of Beowulf by Benjamin Bagby in the original Old English; 2008: Beowulf – A Thousand Years of Baggage: a SongPlay by Banana Bag & Bodice. Text by Jason Craig, Music by Dave Malloy [40] 2010: Exploding Beowulf, a musical stage drama by Momus and David Woodard. Text by Woodard and Momus, music by Momus.
Poetry. Twelve Poems (1978) Editions. Beowulf: A Glossed Text (1995, revised 2000) Translations. The Earliest English Poems (1966, revised 1977, 1991) Beowulf: A Verse Translation (1973, revised 2001) Old English Riddles from the Exeter Book (1980, revised 2007)