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The history of automatic sign language translation started with the development of hardware such as finger-spelling robotic hands. In 1977, a finger-spelling hand project called RALPH (short for "Robotic Alphabet") created a robotic hand that can translate alphabets into finger-spellings. [2]
As with any two languages, ASL and English do not have a one-to-one word correspondence, meaning interpreters cannot simply translate word-for-word. [5] They must determine how to effectively communicate what one interlocutor means, rather than strictly what they say, to the other.
LOVE CHILD FATHER LOVE CHILD "The father loves the child." However, other word orders may also occur since ASL allows the topic of a sentence to be moved to sentence-initial position, a phenomenon known as topicalization. In object–subject–verb (OSV) sentences, the object is topicalized, marked by a forward head-tilt and a pause: CHILD topic, FATHER LOVE CHILD topic, FATHER LOVE "The ...
SEE-II models much of its sign vocabulary from American Sign Language (ASL), but modifies the handshapes used in ASL in order to use the handshape of the first letter of the corresponding English word. [2] SEE-II is not considered a language itself like ASL; rather it is an invented system for a language—namely, for English. [3] [4]
The interpretation flow is normally between a sign language and a spoken language that are customarily used in the same country, such as French Sign Language (LSF) and spoken French in France, Spanish Sign Language (LSE) to spoken Spanish in Spain, British Sign Language (BSL) and spoken English in the U.K., and American Sign Language (ASL) and ...
A sign language glove is an electronic device which attempts to convert the motions of a sign language into written or spoken words. Some critics of such technologies have argued that the potential of sensor-enabled gloves to do this is commonly overstated or misunderstood, because many sign languages have a complex grammar that includes use of the sign space and facial expressions (non-manual ...
The Hamburg Sign Language Notation System (HamNoSys) is a transcription system for all sign languages (including American sign language). It has a direct correspondence between symbols and gesture aspects, such as hand location, shape and movement. [1] It was developed in 1984 at the University of Hamburg, Germany. [2]
The phrase Pidgin Sign English [10] (PSE, sometimes also 'Pidgin Signed English') is often used to describe the different contact languages that arise between the English language and any of British Sign Language, New Zealand Sign Language, Auslan or American Sign Language. However, that term is falling out of favour.