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Because of this ended support for Native American people, the BIA began a voluntary urban relocation program. [13] Critics described the relocation program as an intentional continuation of settler colonialism to continue assimilation and "get out of the reservation business". [11]
Urban Rez is a 2013 American documentary film [1] about the repercussions of the Urban Relocation Program [2] (1952–1973), the greatest voluntary upheaval of Native Americans during the 20th century. It was directed by Larry T. Pourier and written by Lisa D. Olken.
During that period, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) also developed a "relocation" program that encouraged American Indians to move to urban areas. While Native people were not "forced" to move, the BIA has been criticized for promoting unduly optimistic portrayals of life in urban areas.
The Office of Navajo and Hopi Indian Relocation (ONHIR) is an independent agency of the executive branch of the U.S. Government.It is responsible for assisting Hopi and Navajo Indians impacted by the relocation that Congress mandated in the Navajo-Hopi Land Settlement Act of 1974 [1] for the members of the Hopi and Navajo tribes who were living on each other's land.
It is estimated that between the 1950s and 1980s, as many as 750,000 Native Americans migrated to the cities, some as part of the relocation program, others on their own. By the 2000 census, the urban Indian population was 64% higher than it had been in the pre-termination era of the 1940s. [47]
The US government's Indian termination policy and Indian Relocation Act of 1956 encouraged and incentivized Native Americans to relocate to urban centers, [2] and by 1969 Chicago was one of seven American cities with more than 10,000 Native American citizens.