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Tollens' reagent (chemical formula ()) is a chemical reagent used to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones along with some alpha-hydroxy ketones which can tautomerize into aldehydes. The reagent consists of a solution of silver nitrate , ammonium hydroxide and some sodium hydroxide (to maintain a basic pH of the reagent solution).
In organic chemistry, Fehling's solution is a chemical reagent used to differentiate between water-soluble carbohydrate and ketone (>C=O) functional groups, and as a test for reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars, supplementary to the Tollens' reagent test. The test was developed by German chemist Hermann von Fehling in 1849. [1]
Alcohol oxidation is a collection of oxidation reactions in organic chemistry that convert alcohols to aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. The reaction mainly applies to primary and secondary alcohols. Secondary alcohols form ketones, while primary alcohols form aldehydes or carboxylic acids. [1] A variety of oxidants can be used.
Tishchenko reaction, Tishchenko–Claisen reaction; Tollens reagent; Transfer hydrogenation; Trapp mixture; Transesterification; Traube purine synthesis; Truce–Smiles rearrangement; Tscherniac–Einhorn reaction; Tschitschibabin reaction; Tschugajeff reaction; Tsuji–Trost reaction; Tsuji–Wilkinson decarbonylation reaction; Twitchell ...
This reaction disrupts the otherwise favored delocalized extended pi-electron system and resonance in the parent molecule. [3] The structure of the "decolorized" Schiff reagent. The further reaction of the Schiff reagent with aldehydes is complex with several research groups reporting multiple reaction products with model compounds.
This reagent converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids without attacking carbon–carbon double bonds. The name silver-mirror test arises because this reaction produces a precipitate of silver, whose presence can be used to test for the presence of an aldehyde. A further oxidation reaction involves Fehling's reagent as a test.
The typical reaction conditions used today were developed by G. A. Kraus. [2] [3] H.W. Pinnick later demonstrated that these conditions could be applied to oxidize α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. [4] There exist many different reactions to oxidize aldehydes, but only a few are amenable to a broad range of functional groups.
Carbonyl allylation has been employed in the synthesis of polyketide natural products and other oxygenated molecules with a contiguous array of stereocenters. For example, allylstannanation of a threose-derived aldehyde affords the macrolide antascomicin B, which structurally resembles FK506 and rapamycin, and is a potent binder of FKBP12. [12]