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Portable water purification devices are self-contained, easily transported units used to purify water from untreated sources (such as rivers, lakes, and wells) for drinking purposes. Their main function is to eliminate pathogens , and often also suspended solids and some unpalatable or toxic compounds .
The Portable Aqua Unit for Lifesaving (short PAUL), also known as Water Backpack is a portable membrane water filter developed at the University of Kassel for humanitarian aid. It allows the decentralized supply of clean water in emergency and disaster situations.
The process of filtering the water takes 20 seconds, allowing for 0.71 litres (1.5 pints) of water to be filtered. [4] Once a filter has reached its limit, it will not allow contaminated water to be drunk. [4] The LiveSaver bottle has been used by soldiers for drinking water as well as cleaning wounds. [2] [3] [4]
Sources where drinking water is commonly obtained include springs, hyporheic zones and aquifers (groundwater), from rainwater harvesting, surface water (from rivers, streams, glaciers), or desalinated seawater. For these water sources to be consumed safely, they must receive adequate water treatment and meet drinking water quality standards. [5]
A Chinese ceramic model of a well with a water pulley system, excavated from a tomb of the Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) period. Some of the earliest evidence of water wells are located in China. The Neolithic Chinese discovered and made extensive use of deep drilled groundwater for drinking.
There may be nearly 30 private deep-water wells within an area projected to be most impacted by the pumping of up to 6.6 million gallons per day from four newly approved utility-scale wells in ...